LSE IDEAS Internships - Applications Now Open
LSE IDEAS has launched a new internship scheme. Applications are open from today and close on February 13. Apply now for the chance to experience what it's like to work for one of the world's top university think tanks!
Strategic Update: The Anglo French Defence Treaty
The signing of Anglo-French Defence Treaty has been one of the least reported, and analysed, of the UK coalitions Government’s policies, whilst being, without question, one of its most significant. In the context of defence cuts on both sides of the Atlantic and the Channel, and of a Libyan operation in which Britain and France’s dependence on American assets surprised some observers in Washington, this paper assesses the consequences of the Treaty for Anglo- French defence cooperation.
ISA Event: Professor Michael Cox and Dr. Nicholas Kitchen will debate American decline
Dr Adam Quinn (Birmingham) and Professor Iwan Morgan (ISA) will be arguing the case for decline while Professor Mick Cox (LSE) and Dr Nick Kitchen (LSE) will be arguing the case against decline. Venue: Room 349, 3rd Floor Senate House. 02 February 2012, 17:30 - 19:30
LSE IDEAS ranked among world's most influential think tanks
The foreign affairs research centre LSE IDEAS was today named the world's fourth-best university think tank in a global survey.
The rankings, in the annual report of the Think Tank and Civic Society Program at the University of Pennsylvania, compared more than 5,300 think tanks from 120 countries.
New Visiting Fellow at LSE IDEAS
Parag Khanna, Senior Research Fellow at the New America Foundation, Senior Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, and Director of the Hybrid Reality Institute, is now a Visiting Fellow at LSE IDEAS. Welcome Parag!
Dr Pettina´s Book Reviewed by Professor Rafael Rojas
Dr. Vanni Pettinà’s last book “Cuba y EE.UU., 1933-1959. Del Compromiso Nacionalista al Conflicto (Cararata, 2011)(http://www.catarata.org/libro/mostrar/id/695), was reviewed by Professor Rafael Rojas, Director of the History Department at CIDE of Mexico City and Global Scholar at Princeton University.
Rojas is actually on of the most influential scholars in the field of Latin American and Cuban Studies, with more than fifteen books on the intellectual history and the politics of Latin America, Mexico and Cuba. He has received several international prizes such as the Matías Romero award for his book Cuba mexicana: Historia de una anexión imposible (2001), the Anagrama essay prize for Tumbas sin sosiego: Revolución, disidencia y exilio del intelectual cubano (2006), and the first Isabel de Polanco Essay Award for Las repúblicas de aire: Utopía y desencanto en la revolución hispanoamericana (2009).
Dr. Vanni Pettinà is LSE-IDEAS Associated Researcher and a Kluge Postdoctoral Fellow.
Mick Cox and Danny Quah: A new world economic order?
Professor Michael Cox guest-blogs for Danny Quah.
The Diplomat speaks with Prof. Michael Cox and Gordon Barrass
The Diplomat speaks with Prof. Michael Cox and Gordon Barrass about China's rise, transatlantic relations and how a new course at the London School of Economics' IDEAS fits into international diplomacy.
Myanmar: Mixing Hope with Realism
Dr. Zarni from the Human Security and Civil Society Unit of the Department of International Development LSE was sceptical and pessimistic about the political changes taking place in Myanmar which have given rise to hope the regime there is embarked …
Mladena and Dianko Sotirov Visiting Fellowship
The LSE IDEAS Balkan International Affairs Programme is pleased to invite Applications for the 2012 Mladena and Dianko Sotirov Visiting Fellowship.
The United States After Unipolarity
As the United States’ dominance of the international system comes increasingly under threat, this report assesses the challenges the Obama administration has faced in rebalancing American foreign policy to a world that is no longer 'unambiguously unipolar'.
King's College London - The Lives of Indian Democracy Seminar Series
Ramachandra Guha and Sunil Khilnani will co-direct this special seminar series which will explore the relationship between biography and history writing. By focusing on the lives of political actors like Nehru and Jinnah and public intellectuals like Tagore and Mahasweta Devi the course will examine how biographies can be used to illuminate social and political trends in modern India. The seminar series will begin in January 2012 and run up to May 2012 at the King's India Institute and is open to all Masters and Doctoral students in the United Kingdom.
John Collins joins IDEAS as the new Transatlantic Programme Assistant
John Collins is the programme assistant for the Transatlantic Relations Programme at LSE IDEAS. John is a PhD Candidate in the Department of International History at the London School of Economics. His research focuses on Anglo-American relations and international drug control over the period 1939-1964.
Chevening Programme Visiting Fellows - People - IDEAS - Home
New Chevening visiting fellows arrive at IDEAS. They are from three different government departments and will focus on three completely diffferent topics, which cover both Chinese foreign affairs and domestic policy.
New Paulson Fellow arrives at IDEAS
Dr Yulia Komleva is Associate Professor at the Chair of Modern and Contemporary History of Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
Professors Cox and Westad speak at Dahrendorf Symposium
Watch the video of Professors Michael Cox and Odd Arne Westad, Co-Directors of IDEAS, participatomg in the recently held Dahrendorf Symposium (Nov 9 - 10 2011) at the historic Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Is UK academic social science following a work model others are already discarding? « DannyQuah
Academic economics has disengaged from its long-standing public mission: addressing the questions important to society.
Professor Michael Cox spoke on BBC Radio 3
On November 18, Professor Michael Cox appeared on BBC Radio 3's 'What is History Today?' to discuss the impact of E. H. Carr's work on the academic discipline of history.
BBC - Podcasts - Forum - A World of Ideas
Ramachandra Guha, Madawi Al-Rasheed and Helena Kennedy discuss the 'virtues and flaws of democracy'.
CSAS Annual Lecture 2011 - Ramachandra Guha
In this lecture Dr Guha will talk about 'Why South Asians Don't Write Good Biographies, and Why They Should'.
Asia - Where will it be in the 21st Century?
Video: Senior Visiting Fellow Dr. Munir Majid, who heads the Southeast Asia International Affairs Programme, spoke at the 18th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association Australia on Tuesday 6 July. In his keynote address on “Asia- Where Will It Be In the 21st Century?” at the University of Adelaide, Dr. Munir identified various qualifications to this being the Asian century, including the geographical extent of Asia that will be going forward, the relative backwardness of Asia in global finance and the lack of intellectual control of the agenda on many strategic international issues.
Dr Vanni Pettina's Book Published by Catarata
The book 'Cuba y Estados Unidos, 1933-1959.Del compromiso nacionalista al conflicto (Cuba ann the United States, 1933-1959. From Compromise to Conflict) was published by Catarata Publishers (Spain) in October 2011. In this book, Dr. Vanni Pettinà intertwines local and global long term historical dynamics in an attempt to explain the factors that produced the Cuban 1950’s political crisis and Washington opposition to the Fidel Castro’s insurrection between 1956-1959. Based on archival researches in Europe, the US and the former Soviet Union, the book represents an attempt to refresh and update the debate on a crucial historical turning-point.
LSE IDEAS is Recruiting a Programme Assistant for the MSc Programme in Diplomacy and International Strategy
The main purpose of the job is to provide office support, for up to 20 hours p.w., reporting to the LSE IDEAS Centre Manager.
Dr Ramachandra Guha at the UN International Day of Non-Violence
Ramachandra Guha, the Phillipe Roman Chair at LSE IDEAS, spoke at an event commemorating the International Day of Non-Violence, on the theme “Non-Violence as an Instrument of Social Change”, alongside Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. The day is celebrated annually 2 October, the birthday of non-violence pioneer Mahatma Gandhi.
Dr Svetozar Rajak will chair the panel on 'Serbia's European Challenges'
The panel is part of the 'Days of Alternative Culture, Art and Science at LSE'|, presented by the Serbia LSE Alumni Association and the Fund for Social and Democratic Initiatives (FoSDI).
The End of the Party?
Why has the Chinese Communist party survived nine decades, and what are the dangers that face it? The lecture will examine the party's tumultuous past and look at ways in which its former nemesis
IDEAS is Recruiting Blog Editors
IDEAS is looking to recruit new blog editors to solicit, edit and post articles to International Affairs at LSE. These positions are voluntary and the work is conducted entirely online in your own time, and editors are expected to solicit and post on average an article every two weeks. These positions offer an opportunity for Masters and PhD students to connect with scholars and contribute to the intellectual debate surrounding international politics.
Cold War History, Issue 11.3 available now
Innovative new course at London School of Economics puts strategy back at the heart of public life
Building on its reputation as a centre for socio-political and business thinking, the LSE's centre for diplomacy and strategy, IDEAS, is launching a unique course to help future leaders.
Eirini Karamouzi awarded the Pinto post-doctoral felowship for the year 2011-12
The fellowship in contemporary international history lasts for one academic year and provides an opportunity for recent PhDs to benefit from a year of involvement with the LSE IDEAS community of scholars.
Vanni Pettinà awarded a Kluge Fellowship for 2011-2012
The John W. Kluge Center awarded Vanni Pettinà a Kluge Fellowship for 2011-2012 for his project “From the Nationalist Compromise to the Insurrection: Cuba and the United States, 1933-1959”
America's Future is Secure Says Professor Michael Cox
Professor Michael Cox (codirector at LSE IDEAS) was invited to Lateline, an Austrailian TV show, and interviewed by Ali Moore about the shift in power from the West to the East.
2012 LSE-GWU-UCSB International Graduate Conference on the Cold War
The LSE IDEAS Cold War Studies Programme (CWSP), The Center for Cold War Studies of the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the George Washington University Cold War Group are pleased to announce the 10th Annual International Graduate Student Conference on the Cold War.
Professor Michael Cox to Lecture on Power Shift in Australia
Professor Michael Cox has been invited to take up the prestigious position of visiting Professor at La Trobe University in Melbourne for two weeks from 30 August - 9 September.
Power Shift and the Death of the West? Not Yet!
Professor Michael Cox publishes new article in European Political Science.
The Edge: Abuse of power by the media
As Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak flew in for his official visit in July, a storm was raging in Britain over the phone-hacking scandal involving the News of the World owned by Rupert Murdoch's powerful News Corp.
IDEAS co-Director Arne Westad elected Fellow of the British Academy
Professor Arne Westad was one of only 38 academics to be elected to the British Academy at its Annual General Meeting on 21 July.
Ramachandra Guha on FT Blogs - 'India is too corrupt to be a superpower'
Ramachandra Guha, LSE IDEAS Phillippe Roman Chair, analyses why India will not become a superpower.
New Video: Roundtable on America, Britain and Rising Powers
In this wide-ranging roundtable, Joseph Nye speaks about the future of American power, Michael Cox offers a spirited rebuttal of the decline thesis, and Stephen Burman assesses where Britain's rising power strategy will take it. Lisa Aronsson looks at the military commitments of the transatlantic alliance, and Inderjeet Parmar asks whether there is an 'Obama Doctrine'.
Rendition, Secret Detention and Torture: From Bush to Obama
Ruth Blakely takes a critical look at the Obama administration's approach to the war on terror.
The Limits of American Power: Obama's War in Afghanistan
Theo Farrell sets out what Obama hopes to achieve from his Afghanistan strategy. What can the United States do in Afghanistan? Not very much.
New Video: Paul Ingram on US Nuclear Policy
Paul Ingram of the British American Security Information Council assess Obama's policies on nuclear weapons.
Barack Obama, the Tea Party and Domestic Dissent
Dr Mark Ledwidge discusses the rise of the Tea Party under Barack Obama, and assesses what it tells us about the continued salience of race politics in contemporary America.
New Video: Obama and the US Deficit Problem
Professor Iwan Morgan explains why the United States has failed to confront the issue of the deficit, what the consequences will be, and how the problem may be addressed.
Debate on “Balkan views of a multipolar world” highlights diversity of opinions in Western Balkans
On Friday 1 July, the Gallup Brussels office in partnership with the European Fund for the Balkans (EFB) and LSE IDEAS (a research centre for the study of international affairs, diplomacy and grand strategy at the London School of Economics) hosted an event on “Balkan views of a multipolar world”
IDEAS Today: The Arab Spring
The new issue of IDEAS Today focuses on the Arab Spring, with articles on Libya, Yemen, interventionism and more...
The Edge: Singapore catches up with Malaysia
The heading may seem surprising,given how Singapore gives Malaysia a drubbing on so many scores. But in terms of participatory democracy,Singapore has lagged behind Malaysia,even if we are by no means perfect.
Sevket Pamuk on Turkey
Professor Sevket Pamuk discusses Turkey's economic success, its independent foreign policy, and its role in the Arab spring.
The Euro Crisis: A Historical Perspective
In this research report Emmanuel Mourlon-Druol explores the current euro crisis by looking at the debates preceding the conception of the euro. How can the early days of EU monetary cooperation help us understand today's predicament? And what lessons can we draw from them for the euro?
Balkans Views of a Multipolar World
Balkan views of a multipolar world
Svetozar Rajak will participate in the event Learn@Lunch organized by Gallup Europe - Balkan Monitor together with Gallup Europe Managing Director Robert Manchin and Dejan Jović, Chief Analyst to the President of the Republic of Croatia
LSE IDEAS seeks to appoint an Events Coordinator
As Events Coordinator, you will be responsible for co-ordinating, scheduling and marketing the Centre's public events programme, as well as taking care of all events logistics both directly and in a small team.
Registration for the LSE-FGV Symposium and Summer Workshop is now open
The Latin America International Affairs Programme at LSE IDEAS and the Center for International Relations at the Getulio Vargas Foundation in Brazil are organising two events in July on Brazil and Latin America in the 21st century. Registration for these events is now open.
New Special Report: Turkey's Global Strategy
As we approach the Turkish parliamentary elections, this major new research report analyses Turkey's 'zero problems with neighbours' foreign policy.
African International Affairs Programme Fellowship
The new AIAP African Research Fellowship has been generously supported by an Anonymous Donor, Atlantic Philanthropies, Richard Delbridge, and the LSE Centennial Fund. This is one of a series of Research Fellowships across the School and forms part the LSE African Initiative which seeks to engage with African institutions and promote knowledge exchange.
The Edge: Politics of human capital
At the New York Stock Exchange this month, Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak underlined at an investment seminar that the first of 10 reasons to invest in Malaysia was its richly sourced human capital.
"China and the US in Southeast Asia" LSE IDEAS High Level Seminar in Kuala Lumpur
High level seminar on China and the U.S. in Southeast Asia, 1st June 2011, Kuala Lumpur. LSE IDEAS co-director Professor Arne Westad will be the lead speaker in the roundtable discussion to be chaired by Tan Sri Dr. Munir Majid.
Obama’s London visit comes amid British reckoning
IDEAS' Nicholas Kitchen tells the Washington Post that “The British problem isn’t a lack of ambition, but to be blunt, it’s that we’ve run out of cash”.
MPs adopt LSE IDEAS' suggestions for reinvigorating UK ...
The House of Commons' Foreign Affairs Committee has drawn heavily on evidence presented by an LSE team in a new report which calls for the role of the Foreign Office (FCO) to be protected and strengthened.
Thomas Field Awarded Betty M. Unterberger Prize
The Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) has awarded Thomas Field (PhD, London School of Economics) the Betty M. Unterberger Dissertation Prize.
The Edge: Muslims must help themselves more
At the 4th World Congress of Muslim philanthropists in Dubai last month,it was humbling to learn of the many commendable charitable activities taking place in Muslim communities financed by Muslim money...
Arne Westad Nominated for the 2011 AHA Election
Arne Westad, professor of international history and co-director of LSE IDEAS, has been nominated as one of two candidates for president of the American Historical Association.
Still the American System: Structural Power and the durability of Hegemony
Nicholas Kitchen presented a paper at the British International Studies Association annual conference in Manchester.
Malaysia’s position as the global economy moves east
IDEAS Senior Fellow Professor Danny Quah analyses how the shifting global economy is impacting South East Asia, and Malaysia in particular.
Obama's Russian lessons: How the Soviets withdrew from ...
CWSP Associate Artemy Kalinovsky's latest piece on the continuing repercussions of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in the Washington Post.
Caught between Kosovo and Iraq: Understanding Germany’s Abstention on Libya
In this blog entry, Felix Berenskoetter considers the strategic thinking behind the heavily criticized decision of the German government to abstain from voting on the UNSCR 1973 authorizing a no-fly zone over Libya.
The shifting global balance of power - China.org.cn
IDEAS Senior Fellow Professor Danny Quah argues that as the economic center of gravity shifts East, the question should not be what is good for the West, but what is good for the world as a whole.
World's center of economic gravity shifts east
IDEAS Senior Fellow Professor Danny Quah explains how the world's economic center of gravity has shifted 3000 miles east over the last 30 years, and will continue to do so.
How the Afghanistan War Dealt its Blow to the Soviet Empire - Artemy Kalinovsky
In an interview with New American Media, author Artemy Kalinovsky discusses his new book, A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan and the real reasons behind the fall of the Soviet Empire and Mikhail Gorbachev.
LSE IDEAS Directors' Statement on LSE and Libya
Recent press reporting has given the misleading impression that IDEAS is associated with the Gaddafi Foundation's donations to the LSE. The directors would like to state, categorically, that no such link exists.
Transatlantic Programme Symposium in European Political Science
Authors from the LSE IDEAS Transatlantic Programme debate the future prospects for the Transatlantic relationship in March's issue of European Political Science
Just Another Liberal War? Western Interventionism and the Iraq War
Nicholas Kitchen and Michael Cox argue that the roots of the Iraq war lie in the post-Cold War dominance of liberal ideas, and warn that by failing to recognise the liberal character of the Iraq war, the West may repeat the same errors.
New Issue of IDEAS Today
IDEAS' region-by-region review of international affairs over the last twelve months features IDEAS Philippe Roman Chair Professor Niall Ferguson disucssing the nature of global trends.
The Obama Doctrine - Detente or Decline?
Nicholas Kitchen writes in European Political Science on the emerging Obama doctrine.
CFP: 2011 European Summer School on Cold War History
The Università di Padova, LSE IDEAS-Cold War Studies Programme, European University Institute and the Istituto Italiano di Scienze Umane SUM are jointly convening the 2011 European Summer School on Cold War History at the Università di Padova, 7-10 September 2011.
Niall Ferguson - The Grand Strategy of Détente
Video: 'Nixon goes to China' shattered the façade of Communist unity and dug the United States out of the hole it found itself in at the end of the 1960s. Critics have seen Nixon and Kissinger's policy as morally compromised, but was it actually the key to America's victory in the Cold War?
Mutual Lessons for Malaysia and the UK
The Edge, 31 Jan 2011: What lessons can Malaysia and the UK learn from each other? Dr Munir Majid shares his views.
An Emperor Without Clothes: Wikileaks and the Limits of American Power
Two months since the first wikileaks revelations, Felix Berenskoetter asks ask how much remains from the initial claims that these leaks would cause damage to the US.
The Geopolitical Repercussions of the Tunisian Jasmine Revolution on North Africa
Lakhdar Ghettas analyses the regional fallout from the weekend's events in Tunisia.
International Politics - Volume 48, Issue 1 (January 2011)
A special issue on friendship in international relations, including a feminist critique of Rawls and Pogge, history of the language of friendship in international treaties, the paradox of Canadian-American friendship and more!
The Edge: Malaysian Leaders and Test of History
Which Malaysian leader will stand proud and write a political memoir that is of power and substance? Dr Munir Majid shares his views in the latest edition of The Edge.
Ivory Coast election dispute raises questions over reconciliation
IDEAS Africa International Affairs Programme: Christian Kramer.
The nationalist incumbent is pitted against an opponent with international support – just three years after civil war ended
Out Now: New Issue of International Politics
Articles on anti-Americanism; Europe and war; money, trade and power; sovereignty and justice. Plus articles on HIV prevalence and democracy in South East Asia.
Apply Now for MSc in International Strategy and Diplomacy 2012-13
This Executive Masters Programme studies international affairs, defence, and international business and finance. It is particularly suitable for those proceeding to senior positions where they will need to think more strategically.
The Issue of Regionalism in Asia
1 December 2010: Visiting Senior Fellow Dr. Munir Majid today delivered a lecture on "The Issue of Regionalism in Asia" at the Third International Conference on International Studies in Kuala Lumpur.
The Edge: Obama, the US, China and ASEAN
How will ASEAN survive under the increasing presence of the US and China? Dr Munir Majid believes it is time for ASEAN to undertake a strategic assessment of its capability and raise its game.
Dr Munir Majid at the ASEAN Finance Ministers’ Investor Seminar
Visiting Senior Fellow Dr. Munir Majid moderated the Ministers’ Panel at the ASEAN Finance Ministers’ Investor Seminar on 30 November 2010 in Kuala Lumpur.
Balkans 2020: The Ministerial Debate
Podcast: Can present challenges endanger the region's fragile stability or, will the Balkans forever shed the infamous attribute of being the "powder keg of Europe"?
Fred Halliday: Achievements, Ambivalences and Openings
Colás and Lawson: Fred Halliday was one of the most important scholars of his generation. This article examines Halliday’s intellectual influences, assesses his contribution to International Relations (IR) and probes the broader challenges which his work raises.
Obama after the mid-terms
Prof Cox to speak with Nic Hailey on what the US mid-term elections mean for key UK priorities, what they say about the political direction the US is taking and Obama’s prospects for re-election? 30 Nov, 1230-1330, Entente Cordiale Conference Room.
The global 1989: openDemocracy
The political transformation and social drama of the 1989 revolutions in east-central Europe promised a decisive rupture with the past. But the perspective of two decades and of a global frame offers a more complex picture of this historic moment, says George Lawson.
International Relations Department pays tribute to Professor Fred Halliday
On the 3rd November the International Relations department paid its own, very important, tribute to the work of Professor Fred Halliday, one of the great names in the department over the past thirty years.
Web Editor Needed
LSE IDEAS is in need of a Web Editor to assist the web presence of LSE IDEAS and its Programmes. Quick summary of expertise: HTML, CSS, DHTML, XML, JavaScript, CMS, WordPress, Blogger/Blogspot, Excel, Access, SQL, VBA.
Angry America and the World at the Mid-Terms
The 'shellacking' that Obama's Democrats took at the mid-term elections was not just about jobs at home, argues Professor Michael Cox. It is also about America's place in global issues and how American values were supported - but the electorate didn't seem to like the news on this front either.
Conference Registration Now Open: Obama and American Power Today, London, May 9th 2011
Co-organised by LSE IDEAS, the University of Manchester and the Eccles Centre at the British Library this symposium will examine the domestic political and economic situation in the US; new strategies for global influence; and consider the USA and UK in the context of rising powers.
Professor Dominic Lieven wins Fondation Napoléon prize
Professor Dominic Lieven's recent book, Russia against 'Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814' has been awarded the Annual Prize of the Fondation Napoléon, worth €5000. The Fondation Napoléon is a registered charity committed to the encouragement of the study of and interest in the history of the First and Second Empires, and the preservation of Napoleonic heritage.
Lakhdar Ghettas: Western Sahara: No longer a low intensity frozen conflict
On the conflicting reports on the recent violent clashes between Moroccan forces and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro (POLISARIO) in a protest camp near Laayoune, Sahara's main town.
Korean Conflict Symposium
LSE will soon launch an international collaborative research initiative focused on the historical and contemporary meanings of the Korea conflict in regional, local and global context.
A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
The conflict in Afghanistan looms large in the collective consciousness of Americans. What has the United States achieved, and how will it withdrawal without sacrificing those gains? Dr Kalinovsky's A Long Goodbye is the first comprehensive account of the Soviet Withdrawl in Afghanistan.
The Coming Crisis of the West by Professor Michael Cox
Video: Keynote Lecture part of the School of Law & Government's 3rd annual Graduate Conference of the European Consortium for Political Research. Filmed in the Helix, DCU, Dublin. Tuesday the 31st of August 2010.
Re-Writing History - Al Majalla
Bryan Gibson - In the 30 years since the start of the Iran-Iraq war, our understanding of the conflict has undergone periodic shifts. Today, thanks to the release of Iraqi documents that were previously classified, the willingness of participants to discuss the war, and the persistence of researchers, more is being learned about the war than ever before. On 23-24 September, policymakers, intelligence officers and scholars of the Iran-Iraq war met at the London School of Economics (LSE) to debate, discuss and reappraise the present state of knowledge on this brutal war that cost over 300,000 lives and permanently maimed thousands more.